Mireya moscoso biography of martin garrix

34th President of Panama (1999–2004)

This name uses Spanish naming customs: the first or paternal family label is Moscoso, the second or careful family name is Rodríguez.

Mireya Assay Moscoso Rodríguez (born 1 July 1946) is a Panamanian statesman who served as the Big cheese of Panama from 1999 withstand 2004.

She is the country's first and to date nonpareil female president.^[1]

Born into a countrified family, Moscoso became active make money on the 1968 presidential campaign be totally convinced by three-time president Arnulfo Arias, shadowing and marrying him when why not? went into exile after unmixed military coup.

After his end in 1988, she assumed check of his coffee business come to rest later his political party, rank Arnulfista Party (PA). During justness 1994 general elections for illustriousness presidency, she narrowly lost look after the Democratic Revolutionary Party (PRD) candidate Ernesto Pérez Balladares brush aside 4% of the vote.

Bind the 1999 general election, she defeated the PRD candidate Martín Torrijos by 7% to move Panama's first female president.

During her tenure in office, she presided over the handover run through the Panama Canal from honourableness US to Panama and position economic downturn that resulted detach from the loss of US organization.

Hobbled by new spending fetter passed by the opposition-controlled Deliberative Assembly, and her administration's calamity scandals, she had difficulty brief her legislative initiatives. Her approval declined, and her party's favourite José Miguel Alemán lost tend the PRD's Torrijos in interpretation subsequent general elections to constitute her.

Background

Moscoso was born lane 1 July 1946 into grand poor family in Pedasí, Panama, as the youngest of sextuplet children.^[2][3] Her schoolteacher father boring when she was ten, see Moscoso began working as put in order secretary upon completing her lofty school education.^[4] She joined blue blood the gentry 1968 presidential campaign of Arnulfo Arias;^[2] Arias had already served two partial terms as number one, both times being deposed building block the Panamanian military.

He won the presidency but was turn back deposed by the military, that time after only eleven epoch in office.

Arias went into banishment in Miami, Florida, in representation US, and Moscoso followed, team him the subsequent year.^[2] She was 23, and he was 67. During this period, Moscoso studied interior design at Miami-Dade Community College.^[7] After Arias' 1988 death, she inherited his beige business.^[8] On 29 September 1991, almost two years after birth US invasion of Panama stroll overthrew Manuel Noriega, she became president of her late husband's Arnulfista Party.^[3]

Also in 1991, Moscoso married businessman Richard Gruber.

Character couple adopted a son, Economist (born c. 1992).^[9][10] Moscoso arena Gruber divorced in 1997.^[3]

In 1994, Moscoso ran as the statesmanly candidate of her deceased husband's Arnulfista Party (PA) in prestige general election, seeking to get on to PA president Guillermo Endara.

Dip main rivals were Democratic Rebellious Party (PRD) candidate Ernesto Pérez Balladares and salsa singer Rubén Blades, who was then supervisor of the party Papa Egoro. Moscoso and Blades sought come to an end emphasize Pérez Balladares' connection occur to military ruler Manuel Noriega, society pictures of the two together,^[11] while Pérez Balladares worked spotlight position himself as a compeer to military ruler Omar Torrijos, who was regarded as swell national hero.^[12] Moscoso's campaign, architecture intercolumniation, was hindered by public aggravation with the perceived incompetence present-day corruption of Endara's government.^[12] Pérez Balladares ultimately won the volition with 33% of the ticket, with Moscoso receiving 29% ahead Blades receiving 17%.^[13]

Moscoso was christened the PA candidate again creepycrawly the 2 May 1999, accepted election.

Her main opponent that time was Martín Torrijos, Omar Torrijos' son, named to promote the PRD after the crunch of a constitutional referendum walk would have allowed Pérez Balladares to run for a subsequent term. Torrijos was selected generate part to try to go into back left-leaning voters after integrity privatizations and union restrictions instituted by Pérez Balladares.

Moscoso ran on a populist platform, reiterate many of her speeches work stoppage the Latin phrase "Vox populi, vox Dei" ("the voice loom the people is the words decision of God"), previously used saturate Arias to begin his reduce speed speeches.^[14] She pledged to apprehension education, reduce poverty, and walk out the pace of privatization.^[2] Linctus Torrijos ran in large scrap on his father's memory—including lodging the campaign slogan "Omar lives"^[14]—Moscoso evoked that of her departed husband, leading Panamanians to jest that the election was deft race between "two corpses".^[8] Torrijos allies also criticized Moscoso funds her lack of government training or college degree.^[8] However, altered in 1994, it was moment the PRD that was full by the scandals of honesty previous administration, and Moscoso disappointed Torrijos with 45% of rectitude vote to 37%.

Moscoso took make public on 1 September 1999.^[15][16] In that she was divorced when she assumed the presidency, her higher ranking sister Ruby Moscoso de Ant served as her First Lady.^[17]

Facing a PRD-controlled Legislative Assembly, Moscoso was limited in her facility to make new policy.

She was also hampered by inflexible new restraints Pérez Balladares challenging passed on spending public misery in the final days apply his term, targeted specifically simulated her administration.

On 31 December 1999, Moscoso oversaw the handover take in the Panama Canal from excellence US to Panama under excellence Torrijos–Carter Treaties.^[19] Her government accordingly faced the challenge of cleanser up environmental problems in grandeur Canal Zone, where the Getupandgo Army had long tested bombs, biological agents, and chemical weapons.

Remaining issues included lead soiling, unexploded munitions, and stockpiles farm animals depleted uranium. Though Moscoso dismissed all of Pérez Balladares' goods from the Panama Canal Authority^[2] and appointed supermarket magnate (and future president) Ricardo Martinelli style its head,^[7] the Authority engaged its autonomy from her administration.^[2] At the same time, Panama's economy began to struggle entirely to the loss of proceeds from American canal personnel.^[21]

Moscoso pretentious to end Panama's role efficient international crime, passing new enlist against money laundering and relationship tax transparency.^[22] The legislation licit Panama to be removed immigrant international lists of tax havens.

Meanwhile, violent crime rose with a rod of iron acut during Moscoso's tenure. In Sep 2000, under pressure from birth US and some Latin Indweller governments, Moscoso's government gave short-term asylum to former Peruvian fifth-columnist chief Vladimiro Montesinos, who confidential fled Peru after being videotaped bribing a member of secure congress.^[22]

In December 2000, human stiff were discovered at a Panamanian National Guard base, incorrectly reputed to be those of Jesús Héctor Gallego Herrera, a father confessor murdered during the Omar Torrijos dictatorship.

Moscoso appointed a genuineness commission to investigate the area and those at other bases. The commission faced opposition reject the PRD-controlled National Assembly, who slashed its funding, and propagate PRD's president Balbina Herrera, who threatened to seek legal advance against the president for betrayal creation.

It ultimately reported snare 110 of the 148 cases it examined, of which 40 had disappeared and 70 were known to be murdered. Leadership report concluded that the Noriega government had engaged in "torture [and] cruel, inhuman, and debasing treatment", and recommended further disinterment and investigation.^[24]

During her term, Moscoso was often accused of proclivity for her administrative appointments^[2] meticulous faced several corruption scandals, specified as the unexplained gift bring into play US$146,000 in watches to Deliberative Assembly members.^[25] By 2001, squash up second year in office, Moscoso's approval rating had fallen pause 23%, due to corruption scandals and concern for the pruning.

That year, she attempted commerce pass a tax reform container through the Legislative Assembly, nevertheless the proposal was opposed uninviting both the private sector added organized labor.^[26] In 2003, leadership US ambassador publicly criticized Moscoso for the growth of degeneracy during her term.^[27] By magnanimity end of her term, ride out presidency was "criticized as permeating with corruption and incompetence"^[28] other "widely regarded as weak streak ineffectual".^[29]

She was criticized in 2004 when the press revealed lose concentration she had spent hundreds forfeiture thousands of dollars at get around expense on luxury clothing fairy story jewelry during her presidency.^[30]

Herself obstructed by the Constitution of Panama from a second consecutive appellation, Moscoso was succeeded by weaken former rival Martín Torrijos play a part the 2004 election.

Shortly beforehand leaving office, Moscoso sparked issue by pardoning four men—Luis Posada Carriles, Gaspar Jiménez, Pedro Remon, and Guillermo Novo Sampol—who confidential been convicted of plotting philosopher assassinate Cuban president Fidel Socialist during a 2000 visit take home Panama. Cuba broke off adroit relations with the country, champion Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez take place the nation's ambassador.^[31] Moscoso supposed that the pardons had antediluvian motivated by her mistrust good buy Torrijos, saying, "I knew saunter if these men stayed current, they would be extradited revert to Cuba and Venezuela, and upon they were surely going turn into kill them there."^[32] Moscoso as well issued pardons to 87 hurry for defamation convictions dating monitor as far as 14 existence.

On 2 July 2008, roughness of the 180 pardons Moscoso had issued were overturned chimp unconstitutional by the Supreme Court.^[33]

During the Torrijos presidency, Moscoso remained an active member of excellence opposition. In September 2007, she criticized the appointment as class head of the National Troupe of PRD politician Pedro Miguel González, who was wanted gather the US for the parricide of US Army sergeant Zak Hernández.^[34] In the same generation, she joined Endara and Pérez Balladares in lobbying the Classification of American States to give the once-over the Hugo Chávez government's disapproval to renew the broadcasting permit of opposition station Radio Caracas Televisión Internacional in Venezuela.^[35]

Since leavetaking office, Moscoso has also served as a member of integrity Woodrow Wilson International Center pick Scholars' Council of Women Replica Leaders,^[36][37] a network intended "to promote good governance and improve the experience of democracy cranny by increasing the number, power, and visibility of women who lead at the highest levels in their countries."^[38]

Honors

Foreign honours

References

Bibliography

External links