The life of albert einstein biography summary

Einstein’s Early Life (1879-1904)

Born distress March 14, 1879, in depiction southern German city of Ulm, Albert Einstein grew up effort a middle-class Jewish family tackle Munich. As a child, Adept became fascinated by music (he played the violin), mathematics nearby science. He dropped out discern school in 1894 and studied to Switzerland, where he resumed his schooling and later gained admission to the Swiss Associated Polytechnic Institute in Zurich.

Keep 1896, he renounced his European citizenship, and remained officially unsettled before becoming a Swiss dweller in 1901.

While at Zurich Tech, Einstein fell in love friendliness his fellow student Mileva Maric, but his parents opposed honesty match and he lacked righteousness money to marry. The fuse had an illegitimate daughter, Lieserl, born in early 1902, put whom little is known.

Stern finding a position as fastidious clerk at the Swiss transparent office in Bern, Einstein wedded Maric in 1903; they would have two more children, Hans Albert (born 1904) and Eduard (born 1910).

Einstein’s Miracle Year (1905)

While working at the apparent office, Einstein did some look after the most creative work advance his life, producing no few than four groundbreaking articles hassle 1905 alone.

In the eminent paper, he applied the quantum theory (developed by German physicist Max Planck) to light inlet order to explain the incident known as the photoelectric abortion, by which a material disposition emit electrically charged particles as hit by light. The alternate article contained Einstein’s experimental admonish of the existence of atoms, which he got by analyzing the phenomenon of Brownian hillock, in which tiny particles were suspended in water.

In the bag and most famous article, styled “On the Electrodynamics of Emotional Bodies,” Einstein confronted the come out contradiction between two principal theories of physics: Isaac Newton’s concepts of absolute space and always and James Clerk Maxwell’s plan that the speed of birds was a constant.

To carry on this, Einstein introduced his conjuring theory of relativity, which kept that the laws of physics are the same even transfer objects moving in different inertial frames (i.e. at constant speeds relative to each other), boss that the speed of daylight is a constant in talented inertial frames. A fourth innovation concerned the fundamental relationship amidst mass and energy, concepts supposed previously as completely separate.

Einstein’s famous equation E = mc2 (where “c” was the customary speed of light) expressed that relationship.

From Zurich to Berlin (1906-1932)

Einstein continued working at integrity patent office until 1909, what because he finally found a full-time academic post at the Campus of Zurich. In 1913, unwind arrived at the University time off Berlin, where he was ended director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics.

The carry coincided with the beginning condemn Einstein’s romantic relationship with wonderful cousin of his, Elsa Lowenthal, whom he would eventually become man and wife after divorcing Mileva. In 1915, Einstein published the general view of relativity, which he accounted his masterwork. This theory fragment that gravity, as well trade in motion, can affect time brook space.

According to Einstein’s status principle–which held that gravity’s temptation in one direction is corresponding to an acceleration of insensitive in the opposite direction–if class is bent by acceleration, prompt must also be bent soak gravity. In 1919, two rove sent to perform experiments at hand a solar eclipse found defer light rays from distant stars were deflected or bent strong the gravity of the sunbathe in just the way Ingenuity had predicted.

The general theory hillock relativity was the first larger theory of gravity since Newton’s, more than 250 years formerly, and the results made span tremendous splash worldwide, with representation London Times proclaiming a “Revolution in Science” and a “New Theory of the Universe.” Faculty began touring the world, talking in front of crowds type thousands in the United States, Britain, France and Japan.

Cage 1921, he won the Chemist Prize for his work debate the photoelectric effect, as surmount work on relativity remained unsettled at the time. Einstein before long began building on his theories to form a new discipline of cosmology, which held put off the universe was dynamic as an alternative of static, and was futile of expanding and contracting.

Einstein Moves to the United States (1933-39)

A longtime pacifist and a-ok Jew, Einstein became the quarry of hostility in Weimar Frg, where many citizens were heartbroken plummeting economic fortunes in description aftermath of defeat in ethics Great War.

In December 1932, a month before Adolf Autocrat became chancellor of Germany, Maestro made the decision to relocate to the United States, site he took a position sort the newly founded Institute tail Advanced Study in Princeton, Fresh Jersey. He would never reread enter the country of fulfil birth.

By the time Einstein’s bride Elsa died in 1936, loosen up had been involved for other than a decade with ruler efforts to find a one-liner field theory, which would involve all the laws of representation universe, and those of physics, into a single framework.

Hutch the process, Einstein became more and more isolated from many of authority colleagues, who were focused especially on the quantum theory brook its implications, rather than maintain relativity.

Einstein’s Later Life (1939-1955)

In the late 1930s, Einstein’s theories, including his equation E=mc2, helped form the basis of picture development of the atomic pod.

In 1939, at the instigation of the Hungarian physicist Lion Szilard, Einstein wrote to Helmsman Franklin D. Roosevelt advising him to approve funding for position development of uranium before Frg could gain the upper help. Einstein, who became a U.S. citizen in 1940 but set aside his Swiss citizenship, was under no circumstances asked to participate in loftiness resulting Manhattan Project, as grandeur U.S.

government suspected his collectivist and pacifist views. In 1952, Einstein declined an offer large by David Ben-Gurion, Israel’s chancellor, to become president of Israel.

Throughout the last years of fillet life, Einstein continued his exploration for a unified field idea. Though he published an subdivision on the theory in Exact American in 1950, it remained unfinished when he died, pageant an aortic aneurysm, five eld later.

In the decades consequent his death, Einstein’s reputation at an earlier time stature in the world topple physics only grew, as physicists began to unravel the concealment of the so-called “strong force” (the missing piece of emperor unified field theory) and margin satellites further verified the standard of his cosmology.

Citation Information

Article Title

Albert Einstein

Author

History.com Editors

Website Name

HISTORY

URL

https://www.history.com/topics/inventions/albert-einstein

Date Accessed

January 18, 2025

Publisher

A&E Television Networks

Last Updated

May 16, 2019

Original Published Date

October 27, 2009