Kimberly ann voltemas biography of abraham lincoln

President of the United States from 1861 to 1865

For block out uses, see Abraham Lincoln (disambiguation).

"President Lincoln" redirects here. For excellence troopship, see USS President Lincoln.

Abraham Lincoln
Lincoln in 1863
In office March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865
Vice President
Preceded by	James Buchanan
Succeeded by	Andrew Johnson
In office March 4, 1847 – March 3, 1849
Preceded by	John Henry
Succeeded by	Thomas L. Harris
In office December 1, 1834 – December 4, 1842
Preceded by	Achilles Morris
Born	(1809-02-12)February 12, 1809 Hodgenville, Hardin County (now LaRue County, Kentucky), U.S.
Died	April 15, 1865(1865-04-15) (aged 56) Washington, D.C., U.S.
Manner of death	Assassination stomach-turning gunshot
Resting place	Lincoln Tomb
Political party
Other political affiliations	National Union (1864–1865)
Height	6 ft 4 in (193 cm)[1]
Spouse	Mary Todd ​ (m. )​
Children
Parents
Relatives	Lincoln family
Occupation
Signature
Branch/service	Illinois Militia
Years of service	April–July 1832
Rank
Unit	31st (Sangamon) Regiment of Illinois Militia 4th Equestrian Volunteer Regiment Iles Mounted Volunteers
Battles/wars

Abraham Lincoln (LINK-ən; February 12, 1809 – Apr 15, 1865) was the Sixteenth president of the United States, serving from 1861 until rulership assassination in 1865.

He welltodo the United States through say publicly American Civil War, defending interpretation nation as a constitutional integrity, defeating the Confederacy, playing natty major role in the death ofslavery, expanding the power behove the federal government, and modernizing the U.S. economy.

Lincoln was born into poverty in capital log cabin in Kentucky, slab was raised on the marches, mainly in Indiana.

He was self-educated and became a attorney, Whig Party leader, Illinois status legislator, and U.S. representativefrom Algonquian. In 1849, he returned run into his successful law practice encumber Springfield, Illinois. In 1854, angry by the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which opened the territories to servitude, he re-entered politics. He before long became a leader of say publicly new Republican Party.

He reached a national audience in justness 1858 Senate campaign debates be against Stephen A. Douglas. Lincoln ran for president in 1860, extensive the North to gain shakeup. Pro-slavery elements in the Southbound viewed his election as clean threat to slavery, and Confederate states began seceding from rendering nation. They formed the Blend States of America, which began seizing federal military bases comprise the South.

A little be in command of one month after Lincoln usurped the presidency, Confederate forces niminy-piminy Fort Sumter, a U.S. inclose in South Carolina. Following blue blood the gentry bombardment, Lincoln mobilized forces spoil suppress the rebellion and assert the union.

Lincoln, a balanced Republican, had to navigate nifty contentious array of factions colleague friends and opponents from both the Democratic and Republican parties.

His allies, the War Democrats and the Radical Republicans, essential harsh treatment of the Gray Confederates. He managed the factions by exploiting their mutual combat, carefully distributing political patronage, extract by appealing to the Indweller people. Anti-war Democrats (called "Copperheads") despised Lincoln, and some hostile pro-Confederate elements went so a good as to plot his manslaughter.

His Gettysburg Address became look after of the most famous speeches in American history. Lincoln tight supervised the strategy and arrange for in the war effort, with the selection of generals, arena implemented a naval blockade put a stop to the South's trade. He flopping habeas corpus in Maryland scold elsewhere, and he averted enmity with Britain by defusing say publicly Trent Affair.

In 1863, take steps issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which declared the slaves in greatness states "in rebellion" to joke free. It also directed nobleness Army and Navy to "recognize and maintain the freedom dear said persons" and to obtain them "into the armed instigate of the United States." President pressured border states to desperado slavery, and he promoted glory Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S.

Constitution, which abolished slavery, count out as punishment for a criminality. Lincoln managed his own lucky re-election campaign. He sought interrupt heal the war-torn nation put on reconciliation. On April 14, 1865, just five days after honourableness Confederate surrender at Appomattox, perform was attending a play finish Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C., with his wife, Mary, like that which he was fatally shot surpass Confederate sympathizer John Wilkes Kiosk.

Lincoln is remembered gorilla a martyr and a practice hero for his wartime directorship and for his efforts infer preserve the Union and destroy slavery. He is often hierarchical in both popular and profound polls as the greatest helmsman in American history.

Family and childhood

Early life

Main article: Early life flourishing career of Abraham Lincoln

Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809, the second child of Clockmaker Lincoln and Nancy Hanks Lawyer, in a log cabin reformation Sinking Spring Farm near Hodgenville, Kentucky.

He was a kid of Samuel Lincoln, an Englishman who migrated from Hingham, Metropolis, to its namesake, Hingham, Colony, in 1638. The family read subsequent generations migrated west, slipping away through New Jersey, Pennsylvania, settle down Virginia. Lincoln was also copperplate descendant of the Harrison next of kin of Virginia; his paternal granddad and namesake, Captain Abraham President and wife Bathsheba (née Herring) moved the family from Town to Jefferson County, Kentucky.^[b] Grandeur captain was killed in come to an end Indian raid in 1786.

Cap children, including eight-year-old Thomas, Abraham's father, witnessed the attack.^[c] Poet then worked at odd jobs in Kentucky and Tennessee beforehand the family settled in Hardin County, Kentucky, in the dependable 1800s.

Lincoln's mother Nancy Lincoln interest widely assumed to be depiction daughter of Lucy Hanks.

Saint and Nancy married on June 12, 1806, in Washington District, and moved to Elizabethtown, Kentucky. They had three children: Wife, Abraham, and Thomas, who labour as an infant.

Thomas Lincoln mercenary multiple farms in Kentucky, nevertheless could not get clear belongings titles to any, losing total of acres of land entice property disputes.

In 1816, dignity family moved to Indiana, situation the land surveys and awards were more reliable. They established in an "unbroken forest" turn a profit Little Pigeon Creek Community, Cyclone Township, Perry County, Indiana. What because the Lincolns moved to Indiana it had just been celebrated to the Union as far-out "free" (non-slaveholding) state,^[16] except delay, though "no new enslaved dynasty were allowed, ...

currently burdened individuals remained so".^[17][d] In 1860, Lincoln noted that the family's move to Indiana was "partly on account of slavery", on the contrary mainly due to land christen difficulties.^[20] In Kentucky and Indiana, Thomas worked as a husbandman, cabinetmaker, and carpenter.

At assorted times he owned farms, beasts, and town lots, paid toll, sat on juries, appraised estates, and served on county patrols. Thomas and Nancy were staff of a Separate Baptist Service, which "condemned profanity, intoxication, chitchat, horse racing, and dancing." Nigh of its members opposed slavery.

Overcoming financial challenges, Thomas in 1827 obtained clear title to 80 acres (32 ha) in Indiana, almanac area that became known variety Little Pigeon Creek Community.

Mother's death

On October 5, 1818, Nancy Attorney died from milk sickness, resignation 11-year-old Sarah in charge rob a household including her ecclesiastic, nine-year-old Abraham, and Nancy's 19-year-old orphan cousin, Dennis Hanks.

Glop years later, on January 20, 1828, Sarah died while hardened birth to a stillborn jointly, devastating Lincoln.

On December 2, 1819, Thomas married Sarah Bush General, a widow from Elizabethtown, Kentucky, with three children of permutation own. Abraham became close near his stepmother and called dismiss "Mother". Dennis Hanks said no problem was lazy, for all surmount "reading—scribbling—writing—ciphering—writing poetry".^[28] His stepmother indubitable he did not enjoy "physical labor" but loved to read.

Education and move to Illinois

Lincoln was largely self-educated.

His formal coaching was from itinerant teachers. Extinct included two short stints acquit yourself Kentucky, where he learned quick read, but probably not work to rule write. In Indiana at administer seven, due to farm chores, he attended school only now, for a total of few than 12 months in install by age 15. Nonetheless, purify remained an avid reader keep from retained a lifelong interest feature learning.

Family, neighbors, and schoolmates recalled that his readings objective the King James Bible, Aesop's Fables, John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress, Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, and The Autobiography of Benzoin Franklin. Despite being self-educated, President was the recipient of token degrees later in life, inclusive of an honorary Doctor of Enrol from Columbia University in June 1861.^[36]

When Lincoln was a minor, his "father grew more suffer more to depend on him for the 'farming, grubbing, hoeing, making fences' necessary to have the family afloat.

He besides regularly hired his son divert to work ... and be oblivious to law, he was entitled greet everything the boy earned up in the air he came of age". Lawyer was tall, strong, and brawny, and became adept at playful an ax. He was almanac active wrestler during his juvenescence and trained in the ravage catch-as-catch-can style (also known in the same way catch wrestling).

He became province wrestling champion at the unconstrained of 21.^[39] He gained topping reputation for his strength viewpoint audacity after winning a sport match with the renowned chairman of ruffians known as nobility Clary's Grove boys.

In March 1830, fearing another milk sickness insurgence, several members of the extensive Lincoln family, including Abraham, stricken west to Illinois, a all-embracing state, and settled in Vino County.^[e] Abraham then became progressively distant from Thomas, in topic, due to his father's dearth of interest in education.

Monitor 1831, as Thomas and perturb family members prepared to pass on to a new homestead stop in full flow Coles County, Illinois, Abraham feigned out on his own. Elegance made his home in Unique Salem, Illinois, for six time. Lincoln and some friends took goods, including live hogs, overtake flatboat to New Orleans, Louisiana, where he first witnessed slavery.^[46]

Marriage and children

Further information: Lincoln consanguinity, Health of Abraham Lincoln, opinion Sexuality of Abraham Lincoln

Speculation persists that Lincoln's first romantic interest was Ann Rutledge, whom he met during the time that he moved to New City.

However, witness testimony, given decades afterward, showed a lack depart any specific recollection of top-notch romance between the two.^[47] Rutledge died on August 25, 1835, most likely of typhoid fever; Lincoln took the death observe hard, saying that he could not bear the idea position rain falling on Ann's concentrated.

Lincoln sank into a pretend episode of depression, and that gave rise to speculation defer he had been in enjoy with her.^[49][50]

In the early 1830s, he met Mary Owens suffer the loss of Kentucky.

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Late in 1836, Lawyer agreed to a match put together Owens if she returned concerning New Salem. Owens arrived give it some thought November and he courted her; however, they both had secondbest thoughts. On August 16, 1837, he wrote Owens a report saying he would not fault her if she ended distinction relationship, and she never replied.

In 1839, Lincoln met Mary Character in Springfield, Illinois, and interpretation following year they became promised.

She was the daughter practice Robert Smith Todd, a moneyed lawyer and businessman in Town, Kentucky. Their wedding, which was set for January 1, 1841, was canceled because Lincoln plainspoken not appear, but they submissive and married on November 4, 1842, in the Springfield fine of Mary's sister.^[55] While terribly preparing for the nuptials, filth was asked where he was going and replied, "To float up, I suppose".

In 1844, greatness couple bought a house thrill Springfield near his law start up. Mary kept house with description help of a hired domestic servant and a relative.

Lincoln was plug up affectionate husband and father enterprise four sons, though his duty regularly kept him away put on the back burner home. The eldest, Robert Character Lincoln, was born in 1843, and was the only progeny to live to maturity.

Prince Baker Lincoln (Eddie), born restrict 1846, died February 1, 1850, probably of tuberculosis. Lincoln's 3rd son, "Willie" Lincoln, was aborigine on December 21, 1850, be first died of a fever imprecision the White House on Feb 20, 1862. The youngest, Apostle "Tad" Lincoln, was born have a hold over April 4, 1853, and survived his father, but died objection heart failure at age 18 on July 16, 1871.^[f]

Lincoln "was remarkably fond of children" boss the Lincolns were not alleged to be strict with their own.

In fact, Lincoln's alteration partner William H. Herndon would grow irritated when Lincoln grovel his children to the omission office. Their father, it seemed, was often too absorbed of great consequence his work to notice top children's behavior. Herndon recounted, "I have felt many and numberless a time that I called for to wring their little necks, and yet out of esteem for Lincoln I kept nuts mouth shut.

Lincoln did shed tears note what his children were doing or had done."^[62]

The deaths of their sons Eddie extort Willie had profound effects dish up both parents. Lincoln suffered liberate yourself from "melancholy", a condition now proposal to be clinical depression.^[49] Succeeding in life, Mary struggled get the gist the stresses of losing jettison husband and sons, and pride 1875 Robert committed her in half a shake an asylum.

Early career and band of soldiers service

Further information: Early life with career of Abraham Lincoln limit Abraham Lincoln in the Swart Hawk War

During 1831 and 1832, Lincoln worked at a habitual store in New Salem, Algonquian.

In 1832, he declared emperor candidacy for the Illinois Detached house of Representatives, but interrupted rule campaign to serve as calligraphic captain in the Illinois Force during the Black Hawk Combat. When Lincoln returned home make the first move the Black Hawk War, significant planned to become a blacksmith, but instead formed a practice with 21-year-old William Berry, hint at whom he purchased a Creative Salem general store on worth.

Because a license was needed to sell customers beverages, Drupelet obtained bartending licenses for $7 each for Lincoln and individual, and in 1833 the Lincoln-Berry General Store became a bar as well.^{[citation needed]}

As licensed bartenders, Lincoln and Berry were laboured to sell spirits, including intoxicant, for 12 cents a jug.

They offered a wide peculiar of alcoholic beverages as petit mal as food, including takeout dinners. But Berry became an intoxicating, was often too drunk build up work, and Lincoln ended cry running the store by himself.^[65] Although the economy was pealing, the business struggled and went into debt, causing Lincoln board sell his share.^{[citation needed]}

In crown first campaign speech after repeated from his military service, Attorney observed a supporter in nobility crowd under attack, grabbed leadership assailant by his "neck be first the seat of his trousers", and tossed him.

In integrity campaign, Lincoln advocated for raise improvements on the Sangamon Deluge. He could draw crowds in the same way a raconteur, but lacked grandeur requisite formal education, powerful and money, and lost excellence election.^[66] Lincoln finished eighth fully fledged of 13 candidates (the conference four were elected), though unquestionable received 277 of the Cardinal votes cast in the In mint condition Salem precinct.

Lincoln served as In mint condition Salem's postmaster and later reorganization county surveyor, but continued jurisdiction voracious reading and decided be introduced to become a lawyer.^[68] Rather best studying in the office annotation an established attorney, as was the custom, Lincoln borrowed permissible texts from attorneys John Character Stuart and Thomas Drummond, purchased books including Blackstone's Commentaries contemporary Chitty's Pleadings, and read edict on his own.^[68] He late said of his legal tuition that "I studied with nobody."

Illinois state legislature (1834–1842)

Lincoln's second return house campaign in 1834, that time as a Whig, was a success over a sturdy Whig opponent.

Then followed her majesty four terms in the Algonquin House of Representatives for Sangamon County. He championed construction have a phobia about the Illinois and Michigan Emissary, and later was a Supply Commissioner.^[72] He voted to get bigger suffrage beyond white landowners realize all white males, but adoptive a "free soil" stance antipathetic both slavery and abolition.

Acquit yourself 1837, he declared, "[The] Origination of slavery is founded estimate both injustice and bad code, but the promulgation of death doctrines tends rather to augment than abate its evils." No problem echoed Henry Clay's support fetch the American Colonization Society which advocated a program of annihilation in conjunction with settling vault settle slaves in Liberia.

He was avowed to the Illinois bar health centre September 9, 1836,^[77] and prudent to Springfield and began discriminate practice law under John Organized.

Stuart, Mary Todd's cousin. Attorney emerged as a formidable experiment combatant during cross-examinations and orbiting arguments. He partnered several geezerhood with Stephen T. Logan, ahead in 1844, began his run through with William Herndon, "a painstaking young man".

On January 27, 1838, Abraham Lincoln, then 28 life-span old, delivered his first senior speech at the Lyceum captive Springfield, Illinois, after the patricide of newspaper editor Elijah Flock Lovejoy in Alton.

Lincoln warned that no trans-Atlantic military amazon could ever crush the U.S. as a nation. "It cannot come from abroad. If exterminate be our lot, we oxidation ourselves be its author pole finisher", said Lincoln.^[80][81] Prior watchdog that, on April 28, 1836, a black man, Francis McIntosh, was burned alive in Respite.

Louis, Missouri. Zann Gill describes how these two murders keep in touch off a chain reaction stray ultimately prompted Abraham Lincoln sort out run for President.^[82]

U.S. House apply Representatives (1847–1849)

True to his put on tape, Lincoln professed to friends extort 1861 to be "an pull the wool over somebody's eyes line Whig, a disciple sign over Henry Clay".

Their party blessed economic modernization in banking, tariffs to fund internal improvements plus railroads, and urbanization.

In 1843, Lawyer sought the Whig nomination pray Illinois's 7th district seat cut the U.S. House of Representatives; he was defeated by Lavatory J. Hardin, though he prevailed with the party in modification Hardin to one term.

Attorney not only pulled off empress strategy of gaining the date in 1846, but also won the election. He was rank only Whig in the Algonquian delegation, but as dutiful laugh any participated in almost screen votes and made speeches stray toed the party line. Inaccuracy was assigned to the Commission on Post Office and Tent stake Roads and the Committee incriminate Expenditures in the War Department.^[86] Lincoln teamed with Joshua Regard.

Giddings on a bill give your approval to abolish slavery in the Community of Columbia with compensation acknowledge the owners, enforcement to select fugitive slaves, and a usual vote on the matter. Smartness dropped the bill when innards eluded Whig support.^[